储能系统的切换装置
Switching device for energy storage system
储能系统可以同时为并网运行和离网运行提供后备电源，常常会用到电源切换装置，而电源切换装置是保障供电连续性和可靠性的核心组件之一，主要是以下几个方式：Energy storage systems can provide backup power for both grid connected and off grid operations, often using power switching devices. Power switching devices are one of the core components that ensure power supply continuity and reliability, mainly through the following methods:
- 手动切换开关Manual Transfer Switch
当市电停电时，储能系统进入孤岛保护状态。人工断开储能至电网的开关，然后控制储能系统在离网模式（V/F）下启动运行，为负载提供后备电源。当电网恢复后，重新合上开关，调整储能系统为并网模式（P/Q）运行，重新为负载提供电能。When there is a power outage, the energy storage system enters an islanding protection state. Manually disconnect the switch from the energy storage to the grid, and then control the energy storage system to start running in off grid mode (V/F) to provide backup power for the load. After the power grid is restored, close the switch again, adjust the energy storage system to grid connected mode (P/Q) operation, and provide electricity to the load again.
- ATS切换开关ATS switch
ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) : 动态转换开关，是一种用于切换电源的设备。在电力系统中，常常需要同时连接多个电源以保障电力供应的可靠性。ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) : Dynamic transfer switch is a device used to switch power sources. In the power system, it is often necessary to connect multiple power sources simultaneously to ensure the reliability of power supply.
ATS主要用于在主电源和备用电源（如储能系统、发电机等）之间自动切换，切换时间通常在几秒到几十秒之间。当一个电源发生故障或停电时，ATS能够自动将负载从一个电源切换到另一个电源，确保电力的连续供应。ATS is mainly used for automatic switching between main and backup power sources (such as energy storage systems, generators, etc.), with switching times typically ranging from a few seconds to tens of seconds. When a power source fails or experiences a power outage, ATS can automatically switch the load from one power source to another, ensuring continuous power supply.
对于ATS的工作原理，即电网丢失后，储能系统进入孤岛保护状态，ATS跳转到备用电源柴油发电机（电网为主电源），柴油发电机启动运行后储能系统重新工作。For the working principle of ATS, that is, after the power grid is lost, the energy storage system enters an island protection state, and ATS switches to the backup power source diesel generator (the main power source of the power grid). After the diesel generator starts running, the energy storage system resumes operation.
- STS切换开关STS switch
STS (Static Transfer Switch) : 静态转换开关，是一种用于切换电源的设备。STS模块可以实现智能快速分离电网和微网，切换供电回路，切换时间在毫秒级。STS (Static Transfer Switch) : Static transfer switch is a device used to switch power sources. The STS module can intelligently and quickly separate the power grid and microgrid, switch power supply circuits, and switch in milliseconds.
当电网正常工作状态下，负载连接在电网和电池上；当电网发生故障时，STS开关断开，由PV或电池单独给负载供电；电网恢复正常后，STS开关导通。When the power grid is in normal working condition, the load is connected to the grid and the battery; When the power grid fails, the STS switch is disconnected, and the load is powered solely by the PV or battery; After the power grid returns to normal, the STS switch is turned on.
小功率储能的STS模块集成在PCS内部，简化项目的接线，如下图1所示；大功率的PCS（≥40kW）是把STS模块独立出来，当项目需要提高供电可靠性，需求离网备电就会配置STS模块，如下图2所示：The STS module for low-power energy storage is integrated inside the PCS to simplify the wiring of the project, as shown in Figure 1 below; The high-power PCS (≥ 40kW) separates the STS module. When the project needs to improve power supply reliability and requires off grid backup power, the STS module will be configured, as shown in Figure 2:
图1：内部集成STS模块Figure 1: Internally integrated STS module
图2：外部集成STS模块Figure 2: External Integrated STS Module
对于STS的工作原理，即当市电丢失时，STS自动断开，并将市电断开的信息通知PCS。PCS在10ms内切换至V/F模式，为负载提供电压和频率。当市电恢复后，STS监测到电网市电恢复，完成信息握手后，PCS由离网切换为并网模式，同时通知STS合闸。这种由STS和PCS组合运行的储能系统实现了无缝切换，为负载提供不间断的后备电源。The working principle of STS is that when the mains power is lost, STS automatically disconnects and notifies PCS of the disconnection of the mains power. PCS switches to V/F mode within 10ms to provide voltage and frequency to the load. After the restoration of mains power, STS detects the restoration of mains power in the power grid. After completing the information handshake, PCS switches from off grid to grid connected mode and notifies STS to close the switch. This energy storage system, operated by a combination of STS and PCS, achieves seamless switching and provides uninterrupted backup power for the load.
补充说明Supplementary explanation
离并网切换时间是衡量备用电源系统性能的重要指标，尤其在对电力中断敏感的场景中。
（1）EPS切换时间：EPS的切换时间通常在 2-10秒 之间，EPS的切换依赖于机械式继电器或接触器，切换速度较慢。ATS切换即为EPS级别切换。
（2）UPS切换时间：UPS的切换时间通常在 毫秒级（0-20ms）。其中：20ms能够被大部分负载感知到，譬如电视、台式机等。
10ms能够实现绝大部分负载的不间断供电，属于后备式UPS，但对于某些敏感设备（如高频交易系统、精密医疗设备）。10ms的电力中断可能会导致设备异常或数据错误。4ms能够实现几乎所有设备的无缝切换，包括高端服务器、存储设备、医疗设备、精密工业设备，属于在线式UPS。
Off grid switching time is an important indicator for measuring the performance of backup power systems, especially in scenarios sensitive to power outages.
(1) EPS switching time: The switching time of EPS is usually between 2-10 seconds, and the switching of EPS depends on mechanical relays or contactors, which have a slower switching speed. ATS switching is equivalent to EPS level switching.
(2) UPS switching time: The switching time of UPS is usually in milliseconds (0-20ms). Among them, 20ms can be perceived by most loads, such as televisions, desktop computers, etc.
10ms can achieve uninterrupted power supply for the majority of loads, belonging to backup UPS, but for certain sensitive equipment such as high-frequency trading systems and precision medical equipment. A 10ms power outage may cause equipment abnormalities or data errors. 4ms can achieve seamless switching of almost all devices, including high-end servers, storage devices, medical equipment, and precision industrial equipment, and belongs to online UPS.
OTGOLD 于 2025年4月9日 星期三